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General pathology and immunology

Edema, transudates, and exudates

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SAMPLE QUESTION

A 68-year-old man with chronic right ventricular dysfunction has increasing ankle swelling. Examination shows distended neck veins and bilateral pitting edema. Serum albumin is 4.0 g/dL (reference, 3.5–5.0), and urinalysis shows no protein. There is no erythema or tenderness of the legs.

Which change most directly increases outward fluid filtration in the affected tissues?